[110], The main language used in the scripture is known as Sant Bhāṣā, a language related to both Punjabi and Hindi and used extensively across medieval northern India by proponents of popular devotional religion (bhakti). [80], The 6th Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind, after Guru Arjan martyrdom and faced with oppression by the Islamic Mughal Empire, affirmed the philosophy that the political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms are mutually coexistent. It consists of the original Ādi Granth with the addition of Guru Tegh Bahadur's hymns. The Tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh ji, named the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, terminating the line of human Gurus and making the scripture the literal embodiment of the eternal, impersonal Guru, where Gods/Gurus word serves as the spiritual guide for Sikhs. I think Sikhs and Sikhism is more than a religion, as it also has very rich-cultural history shown by our gurus and gursikhs throughout centuries. [263][264], Sikhism was founded in northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent in what is now Pakistan. He was a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as sati (a Hindu custom). [138][139], Five versions of Dasam Granth exist, and the authenticity of the Dasam Granth has in modern times become one of the most debated topics within Sikhism. The Sikh dalits of Punjab have tried to build their own gurdwara, other local level institutions and sought better material circumstances and dignity. Soon after the invasion of Sirhind, while resting in his chamber after the Rehras prayer Guru Gobind Singh was stabbed by a Pathan assassin hired by Mughals. [158][ix][156] The various Gurus of Sikhism have had different approach to pilgrimage. governed and directed by a strong foundation and underpinning of [216], Guru Tegh Bahadur, the uncle of Guru Har Krishan, became Guru in 1665. The word Guru in Sikhism also refers to Akal Purkh (God), and God and Guru are often synonymous in Gurbani (Sikh writings). There are several – often contradictory and sometimes unreliable – Janamsākhīs and they are not held in the same regard as other sources of scriptural knowledge. [202][203], Guru Arjan is remembered in the Sikh for many things. After the Guru's death, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the commander-in-chief of the Khalsa. The Guru Granth Sahib is the holy scripture of the Sikhs, and regarded as the living Guru. consumption of animals killed in such manner. Torkel Brekke (2014), Religion, War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (Editors: Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse), Cambridge University Press. The Janamsākhīs (literally birth stories), are writings which profess to be biographies of Guru Nanak. [145] In 2003, the SGPC, the Sikh organisation in charge of upkeep of the historical gurdwaras of Punjab, adopted Nanakshahi calendar. [248] During and after the Simla Conference in June 1945, headed by Lord Wavell, the Sikh leaders initially expressed their desire to be recognized as the third party, but ultimately relegated their demands and sought a United India where Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims would live together, under a Swiss style constitution. [25][187][30] A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī" – a saint-soldier. [278][279] Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the Radhasoami movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal. [62], Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru and the founder of Sikhism, was a Bhakti saint. Sikhism is a practical religion and Sikhs are a pragmatic people. [106], Guru Angad succeeded Guru Nanak. [163][164] The tradition of circling the Guru Granth Sahib and Anand Karaj among Khalsa is practised since the fourth Guru, Guru Ram Das. to discover and live the essential message and meaning of his or her Gurdwaras are open to all, regardless of religion, background, caste, or race. [104][105] Nanak stated that the human Guru is mortal, who is to be respected and loved but not worshipped. 2 examples of racism are inferiority of intelligence; saying a particular race is less intelligent than any other race and another example is someone insulting religious background. Each year, Mahinder Gulati (2008), Comparative Religious And Philosophies : Anthropomorphism And Divinity, Atlantic. [233][234] These developments launched the Singh Sabha Movement. Sikh migration to Canada began in the 19th century and led to the creation of significant Sikh communities, predominantly in South Vancouver, British Columbia, Surrey, British Columbia, and Brampton, Ontario. Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011), Sikhism: An Introduction, IB Tauris. [vii] Furthermore, adds Fenech, "Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors". In 1953, the government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader, Master Tara Singh, to include Sikh dalit castes in the list of scheduled castes. Surjit Gandhi (2008), History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708, Atlantic Publishers. This is in spite of the fact that Sikhs form less than two percent of India’s population. awareness of the divine within each of us. [235], The last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire Duleep Singh converted to Christianity in 1853, a controversial but influential event in Sikh history. The Sikh religion was founded in Northern India in the fifteenth century by Guru Nanak Dev Ji and is distinct from Islam and Hinduism. came. Louis E. Fenech (2006), Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition, Oxford University Press. [177] One, according to Cole and Sambhi, is based on hagiographical Janamsakhis,[178] and states that Nanak's teachings and Sikhism were a revelation from God, and not a social protest movement nor any attempt to reconcile Hinduism and Islam in the 15th century. [212], Guru Har Rai is famed to have met Dara Shikoh during a time Dara Shikoh and his younger brother Aurangzeb were in a bitter succession fight. The sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind, was responsible for the creation of the concept of Akal Takht (throne of the timeless one), which serves as the supreme decision-making centre of Sikhism and sits opposite the Harmandir Sahib. [253] The Sikh leaders then sought the partition instead, and Congress Working Committee passed a resolution in support of partitioning Punjab and Bengal. It created a community that combines its spiritual purpose and goals with political and military duties. [250] During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition of colonial India and for the recognition of Sikhs as the third community. [64] Guru Arjan, in the Sukhmani Sahib, recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. [13], Guru Nanak stated that his Guru is God who is the same from the beginning of time to the end of time. The Granth begins with the Mūl Mantra, an iconic verse which received Guru Nanak directly from Akal Purakh (God). All boys are given the last name Singh, and all girls are given the last name Kaur (this was once a title which was conferred on an individual upon joining the Khalsa). [166] During this ceremony, sweetened water is stirred with a double-edged sword while liturgical prayers are sung; it is offered to the initiating Sikh, who ritually drinks it. The Guru Granth Sahib is installed every morning and put to bed at night in many Gurdwaras. Sikhs have no food taboos except those that stem from one simple [81][82] According to the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, the ideal Sikh should have both Shakti (power that resides in the temporal), and Bhakti (spiritual meditative qualities). In a Gurdwara, no special place or seat may be reserved or set aside [247], Sikhs participated and contributed to the decades-long Indian independence movement from the colonial rule in the first half of the 20th century.
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