"[12], Genetically engineered organism (GEO) can be considered a more precise term compared to GMO when describing organisms' genomes that have been directly manipulated with biotechnology. A goat and a chicken have been engineered to produce medicines and a salmon that has increased growth. [268] The approach is similar to the sterile technique tested on mosquitoes, where males are transformed with a gene that prevents any females born from reaching maturity. Bacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein purification (including drugs), agriculture, and art. [53][54] However it took another eight years before transgenic mice were developed that passed the transgene to their offspring. [306] There is a near universal system for assessing the relative risks associated with GMOs and other agents to laboratory staff and the community. [285] It is also relatively easy to produce stable transgenic nematodes and this along with RNAi are the major tools used in studying their genes. [61] The gene gun was invented in 1987, allowing transformation of plants not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection. [206] This could potentially benefit mothers who cannot produce breast milk but want their children to have breast milk rather than formula. [329], There is a scientific consensus[330][331][332][333] that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food,[334][335][336][337][338] but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Corn, cattle, and even dogs have been selectively bred over generations to have certain desired traits. [35], Traditionally the new genetic material was inserted randomly within the host genome. Genetic engineering can increase the levels of the enzymes used to degrade a toxin or to make the bacteria more stable under environmental conditions. It is of interest due to its reproductive cycle being synchronized with lunar phases, regeneration capacity and slow evolution rate. [80], Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified in the laboratory, due to the relative ease of modifying their chromosomes. Genetically Modified Organism can also be called as biotech foods or Genetically Engineered Organism which deals with natural agricultural products that has a genetic material altered through the use of the so called genetic engineering techniques. [108], The most common virus used for gene delivery come from adenoviruses as they can carry up to 7.5 kb of foreign DNA and infect a relatively broad range of host cells, although they have been known to elicit immune responses in the host and only provide short term expression. Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. [92] The high cost of extraction and purification has meant that only high value products have been produced at an industrial scale. Although gene therapy is still relatively new, it has had some successes. n. Abbr. Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge", "Genetically engineering humans: a step too far? [316] The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about the market for GMOs in Europe. Golden rice has been engineered with three genes that increase its nutritional value. This use is especially relevant to human gene therapy. A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms. Most food-producing bacteria are lactic acid bacteria, and this is where the majority of research into genetically engineering food-producing bacteria has gone.
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